Abstract
The survival of organisms in a hostile and highly variable environment is dependent upon the proper balance of physiological processes. According to emerging views, homeostasis may be achieved by the coordinated activities of the three major integrative systems: the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. In this study, we proposed to show how the nervous systems affect immune systems using a new model: social confrontation ‘stress’ in aggressive fish (e.g., Tilapia). We previously found that it produced a suppression of several immunological parameters; nonspecific cytotoxicity and mitogen-stimulated proliferation in pronepheic leukocytes---in the subordinate fish. By using the opioid antagonist, naltrexone, we now demonstrate indirectly that this immunosuppression is in part mediated by the endogenous opioid system. Evidence is presented that naltrexone-mediated reversal of Immunosuppression may be limited to the populations of the cytotoxic and T-cell lineages. The proliferation response to lipopolysaccharide is unaffected by naltrexone. Our data also demonstrate that serum from subordinate (immunosuppressed) fish is immunosuppressive in normal fish---an effect that can be reversed by naltrexone. These results support a link between the neuroendocrine and immune systems in fish, the lowest vertebrate.
Interactions of the brain with components of the environment and the immune system.
Social subordination paradigm. Encounters between dominant (a ) and subordinate (b ) fish, the resulting physiological chances, and how these modulate the immune system.
Acknowledgement
I would like to appreciate Mr. Isaku Hikita, a computer graphic designer at Chuwa Dengy Co., Japan for providing me nice pictures.
References
Cooper EL, Peters G, Ahmed II, Faisal M, Ghoneum MH. 1989. Aggression in Tilapia affects immunocompetent leukocytes. Aggres Behav, 15: 13-22.
Faisal M, Chiappelli F, Ahmed II, Cooper EL, Weiner H. 1990. Social confrontation stress in aggressive fish is associated with an endogenous opioid-mediated suppression of proliferative responses to mitogens and nonspecific cytotoxicity. Brain, Behavior and Immunity. 3: 223-233.
Faisal M, Chiappelli F, Ahmed II, Cooper EL, Weiner H. 1990. Neuroimmunologia evolutiva: lo stress da confrontazione sociale nei pesci aggressivi. Neuroscienze. 1: 42-53.
Cooper EL, and Faisal M. 1990. Phylogenic approach to endocrine-immune system interactions. In: Callard GV and Callard IP. Unconventional vertebrates as models in endocrine research. J Exptl Zool Suppl. 4: 46-52.
Evans DL and Cooper EL. 1990. Natural killer cells in ectothermic vertebrates: Cytotoxic cells from different species have similar biological activities. Biosci. 49: 745-750.
Faisal M, Chiappelli F, Ahmed II, Cooper EL, Weiner H. 1992. The role of endogenous opioids in modulation of Immunosuppression in fish. Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-Boden-und Lufhygiene. 89: 785-799.
Cooper EL and Brazier MAB. 1982. Developmental Immunology: Clinical Problems and Aging. UCLA Forum in Medical Sciences, Vol. 25, Academic Press, New York. 321pp. BOOK.
Cooper EL and van Miuswinkel WB. 1982. Immunology and Immunization of Fish. Dev Comp Immunol Suppl. 2: 255pp. BOOK.
Cooper EL. 1984. Stress, Immunity and Aging. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. 336pp. BOOK.
Ghoneum M, Gill G, Stein E, Salem F, Cooper EL. 1986. In vitro tumor cell phagocytosis of large granular lymphocytes and other leukocytes. In: Natural Immunity, Cancer and Biological Response Modification, E. Lotzova and RB Herberman, Karger, New York. pp. 104-113.
Ghoneum M, Faisal M, Peters G, Ahmed II, Cooper EL. 1988. Suppression of natural cytotoxic cell activity by social aggressiveness in Tilapia. Dev Comp Immunol. 12: 17-22
Faisal M, Ahmed II, Peters G, Cooper EL. 1989. Natural cytotoxicity of Tilapia leucocytes. Dis Aquat Org. 7: 17-22.
Faisal M, Ahmed II, Chiappelli F, Weiner H, Cooper EL. 1989. Role of endogenous opioids in modulating some immune functions in hybrid tilapia. J Aquat Anim Health. 1:301-306.
Comparative Immunology
My general research interests fall into several categories. First, immunobiology, second, comparative immunology with another subspecialization in invertebrate immunology. I have focused on an evolutionary approach in order to more fully understand the evolutionary basis for the origin and intricacies of the human immune system, including its cells, molecular products, and major organs (eg, tonsils). What has emerged is that the ancient immune systems of invertebrates more closely resemble the innate, natural, nonspecific non-clonal immune system of mammals including humans. The human immune system still depends upon its own "prehistoric" system but has evolved those characteristics that appeared later in fishes, amphibians, reptiles birds and mammals. This type of immune system is adaptive, induced, specific and clonal. The most highly significant conclusion and implication of invertebrate immune studies centers around the steadfast survival of invertebrates for millions of years despite the constant threat of extinction by microbial and neoplastic pathogens that destroy homeostasis. Clearly, if we could understand how invertebrates have managed this type of survival strategy, we might be able to design similar strategies to assist human survival in the face of infectious diseases often caused by microbes that are resistant to microbial flora. Since the protective system of importance is the immune system that guards against infectious pathogens, what better starting point to search for mechanisms of fighting pathogens than to examine long lived organisms, presumed relatives of extinct species? To understand major events in the development of immune competence, we have used several animal models: invertebrates (notably earthworms and tunicates, the latter group representing the protochordate ancestors of vertebrates including humans). Using cytofluorimetric analysis, microscopy, and mouse anti-human monoclonal antibodies, two types of leukocytes have been identified in earthworms: 1) small (8-11 µm) electron dense cells (SC) that stain by mAbs for epitopes present on human cell adhesion molecules (CD11a, CD45RA, CD45RO, CDw49b, CD54) and those for Beta 2-microglobulin and Thy-1; and 2) large (12-15 µm) electron lucent cells (LC) negative for these same markers; by serologic methods Beta 2-microglobulin had been previously demonstrated . Both cell types were negative for other CD and MHC class I and class II markers. Recently, we have extended this work showing that the small cells kill the tumor cell target K562 and that a component of the cytotoxic reaction may involve a primitive perforin molecule. The perforin gene transcript and its protein in the earthworm leukocytes has been analyzed utilizing immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis and a mouse perforin antibody. RT-PCR and southern blot analysis were performed by perforin specific synthsizing primer and probe based on the human perforin cDNA sequence. Perforin antibody reacted with cytoplasmic granules in only small but not in large leukocytes. These cells also reacted with Thy-1 antibody. Molecular size of earthworm perforin analyzed by Western blot was about 70kDa. The perforin mRNAs from earthworm leukocytes, mouse spleen cells and human PBL revealed the same size which was identified by RT-PCR and southern blot analysis. These data indicated that perforin may be associated with earthworm leukocytes. The presence of a variety of molecules suggests that they have been conserved during evolution as common features of immune surveillance.
Faisal, M., Chiappelli, F., Ahmed, I.I., Cooper, E.L., Weiner, H. 1990. Social confrontation stress in aggressive fish is associated with an endogenous opioid-mediated suppression of proliferative responses to mitogens and nonspecific cytotoxicity. Brain, Behavior and Immunity, 3: 223-233.
Faisal, M., Chiappelli, Ahmed, I. I. Cooper, E. L. Weiner, H. 1990. Neuroimmunologia evolutiva: lo stress da confrontazione sociale nei pesci aggressivi. Neuroscienze, 1: 42-53.
Ghoneum. M., Cooper, E. L. and Sadek, I. 1990. Variability of natural killer cell activity in anuran amphibians. Dev. Comp. Immunol., 14: 359-365.
Ghoneum, M., Sadek, I. A., Gill, G., Cooper, E. L. 1990. Ascorbic acid suppresses natural killer cell activity in Bufo marinus. Dis. Aqua. Orgs. 9: 1-4.
Raftos, D. A., Stillman, D. L. and Cooper, E. L. 1990. In vitro culture of tissue from the tunicate Styela clava. In vitro, 26: 962-970.
Saad, A. H. and Cooper, E. 1990. Evidence for a Thy-1 like molecule expressed on earthworm leukocytes. Zool. Sci., 7: 217-222.
Stein, E. A., Younai, S. and Cooper, E. L. 1990. Separation and partial purification of agglutinins from coelomic fluid of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 97B: 701-705.
Cooper, E. L. 1991. Evolutionary development of the neuroendocrineimmune system. Adv.Neuroimmunol., 1: 83-96.
Chen, S. C., Fitzpatrick, L. C., Goven, A. J., Venables, B. J. and Cooper, E. L. 1991. Nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction by earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) coelomocytes: an enzyme assay for nonspecific immunotoxicity of xenobiotics. Env. Toxicol. Chem., 10: 1037-1043.
Eyambe, G. S., Goven, A. J. Fitzpatrick, L. C., Venables, B. J. and Cooper, E. L. l991. A non-invasive technique for sequential collection of earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) leukocytes during subchronic immunotoxicity studies. Lab Animals., 25: 70-76.
Negm, H.I., Mansour, M.H. and Cooper, E.L. 1991a. Identification and structural characterization of Lyt-1 glycoproteins from tunicate hemocytes and mouse thymocytes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 99B: 741-749.
Negm, H.I., Mansour, M.H. and Cooper, E.L. 1991b. Serological characterization and partial purification of a Lyt-1 homolog in tunicate hemocytes. Biol. Cell., 72: 249-257.
Raftos, D. A. and Cooper, E. L. 1991. Proliferation of lymphocyte-like cells from the solitary tunicate, Styela clava, in response to allogeneic stimuli. J. Exp. Zool., 260: 391-400.
Raftos, D.A., Stillman, D. L. and Cooper, E. L. 1991. Interleukin-2 and phytohemagglutinin stimulate the proliferation of tunicate cells. Immunol. Cell Biol., 69: 225-234.
Raftos, D. A., Cooper, E. L., Habicht, G. S. and Beck, G. 1991. Invertebrate cytokines: Tunicate cell proliferation stimulated by an interleukin 1-like molecule. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88: 9518-9522.
Roch, P. and Cooper, E. L. 1991. Cellular but not humoral antibacterial activity of earthworms is inhibited by Aroclor 1254. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety., 22: 283-290.
Cooper, E. L., Rinkevich, B., Uhlenbruck, G., and Valembois, P. 1992. Invertebrate Immunity: another viewpoint. Scand. J. Immunol., 35: 247-266.
Cooper, E.L. and Roch, P. 1992. The capacities of earthworms to heal wounds and to destroy allografts are modified by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). J. Invert. Path., 60: 59-63.
Kelly, K.L., Cooper, E.L. and Raftos, D.A. 1992. In vitro allogeneic cytotoxicity in the solitary urochordate Styela clava. J. Exp. Zool., 262: 202-208.
Kelly, K.L., Cooper, E.L. and Raftos, D.A. 1992. Purification and characterization of a humoral opsonin from the solitary urochordate Styela clava. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 103B: 749-753.
Negm, H.I., Mansour, M.H and Cooper, E.L. 1992. Identification and structural characterization of a Lyt-2/3 homolog in tunicates. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 101B: 55-67.
Raftos, D. A., Cooper, E. L., Stillman, D. L., Habicht, G. S. and Beck, G. 1992. Invertebrate cytokines II: Release of interleukin-1-like molecules from tunicate hemocytes stimulated with zymosan. Lymphokine and Cytokine Research., 11: 235-240.
Zhang, H,. Sawada, T., Cooper, E. L. and Tomonaga, S. 1992. Electron microscopic analysis of tunicate (Halocynthia roretzi) hemocytes. Zool. Sci., 9: 551-562.
Cooper, E.L., Wright, R.K., Klempau, A.E. and Smith, C.T. 1992. Hibernation alters the frog’s immune system. Cryobiology, 29: 616-631.
Wong, C. M. K., Chiappelli, F., Chang, M-P., Norman, D. C., Cooper, E. L., Branch, B. J. and Taylor, A. N. 1992. Prenatal exposure to alcohol enhances thymocyte mitogenic responses postnatally. Int. J. Immunopharmacol., 14: 303-309.
Faisal, M., Chiappelli, Ahmed, I. I. Cooper, E. L. Weiner, H. 1992. The role of endogenous opioids in modulation of immunosuppression in fish. Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-Boden-und Lufhygiene. 89: 785-799.
Beck, G., O’Brien, R.F., Habicht, G.S., Stillman, D.L., Cooper, E.L. and Raftos, D.A. 1993. Invertebrate cytokines III: Invertebrate interleukin-1-like molecules stimulate phagocytosis by tunicate and echinoderm cells. Cell. Immunol., 146: 284-299.
Kelly, K.L., Cooper, E.L. and Raftos, D.A. 1993. Cytokine-like activities of a humoral opsonin from the solitary urochordate Styela clava. Zool. Sci., 10: 57-64.
Kelly, K.L., Cooper, E.L. and Raftos, D.A. 1993. A humoral opsonin from the solitary urochordate Styela clava. Dev. Comp. Immunol., 17: 29-39.
Sawada, T., Zhang, J. and Cooper, E.L. 1993. Classification and characterization of hemocytes in Styela clava. Biol. Bull., 184: 87-96.
Cooper, E.L., Leung, M.K., Stefano, G.B., Cadet, P., and Suzuki, M.M. 1993. An enkephalin-like molecule in earthworm coelomic fluid modifies leukocyte behavior. Dev. Comp. Immunol., 17: 201-209.
Pagliara, P., Canicatti, C. and Cooper, E. L. 1993. Structure and enzyme content of sea urchin cytolytic granules. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 106B:813-818.
Goven, A. J., Eyambe, G. S., Fitzpatrick, L. C., Venables, B. J. and Cooper, E. L. 1993. Cellular biomarkers for measuring toxicity of xenobiotics: Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on earthworm Lumbricus terrestris coelomocytes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 12:863-870.
Sawada, T., Zhang, J., and Cooper, E. L. 1994. Sustained viability and proliferation of hemocytes from cultured pharynx of Styela clava, Marine Biology, 119: 597-603.
Ville, P., Roch, P., Cooper, E.L., Masson, P.,and Narbonne, J-F., 1995. PCBs Increase molecular-related activities (lysozyme, antibacterial, hemolysis, proteases) but inhibit macrophage-related functions (phagocytosis, wound healing) in earthworms. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology : 65: 217-224.
Suzuki, M.M. and Cooper, E.L. 1995. Killing of intrafamilial leukocytes by earthworm affected cells. Immunology Letters 44: 45-49.
Suzuki, M.M. and Cooper, E.L. 1995. Allogeneic killing by earthworm effector cells. Natural Immunity 14: 11-19.
Suzuki, M.M., and Cooper, E.L. 1995. Spontaneous cytotoxic earthworm leukocytes kill K562 tumor cells. Zool. Sci. 12: 443-451.
Suzuki, M.M., Cooper. E.L., Eyambe, A.J., Fitzpatrick, L.C. and Venables, B.J. 1995. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) depress allogeneic natural cytotoxicity by earthworm coelomocytes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem 14: 1697-1700.
Cooper, E. L., Cossarizza, A. Suzuki, M. M., Salvioli, S., Capri, M., Quaglino, D. and Franceschi, C. 1995. Autogeneic but not allogeneic earthworm effector coelomocytes kill the mammalian tumor target K562. Cell. Immunol. 166:113-122.
Cooper, E. L., Arizza, V., Cammarata, M., Pellerito, L., Parrinello, N. 1995. Tributyltin affects phagocytic activity of Ciona intestinalis hemocytes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 112C: 285-289.
Cossarizza, A., Cooper, E. L., Quaglino, D., Salvioli, S., Kalachnikova, G., Franceschi, C., 1995. Mitochondrial mass and membrane potential in coelomocytes from the earthworm Eisenia foetida: Studies with fluorescent probes in single intact cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 214: 503-510.
Cossarizza, A., Cooper, E. L., Suzuki, M. M.., Salvioli, S., Capri, M., Gri, G., Quaglino, D., Franceschi, C., 1996. Earthworm leukocytes that are not phagocytic and cross-react with several human epitopes can kill human tumor cell lines. Exptl. Cell Res. 224: 174-182.
Quaglino, D., Cooper, E. L., Salvioli, S., Capri, M., Suzuki, M. M., Pasquali-Ronchetti, I., Franceschi, C. Cossarizza, A. 1996 Earthworm coelomocytes in vitro: cellular features and "granuloma" formation during cytotoxic activity against the mammalian tumor cell target K562. Eu. J. Cell Biol. 70:278-288.
Vazquez, L., Jaramillo, L., Lascurain, R., Cooper, E. L. Rosas, P., Zenteno, E., 1996 Bacterial agglutination by the sialic acid specific serum lectin from Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 113B: 355-359.
Pancer, Z., Cooper, E. L., Muller, W. E. G. 1996 A tunicate (Botryllus schlosseri) cDNA reveals similarity to vertebrate antigen receptors. Immunogenetics 45: 69-72.
Pancer, Z., Cooper, E. L., Muller, W. E. G. 1996 A urochordate putative homolog of human EB1, the protein which binds APC. Canc. Lett. 109: 155-160.
Lee, I. H. Zhao, C., Cho, Y., Harwig, S. S.L. , Cooper, E. L., Lehrer, R. I. 1997 Clavanins, -helical antimicrobial peptides from tunicate hemocytes. FEBS Lett. 400: 158-162.
Hubert, F., Cooper, E. L., and Roch, P. 1997 Structure and differential target sensitivity of the stimulable cytotoxic complex from hemolymph of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Biochim and Biophy. Acta. 1361: 29-41.
Vazquez, L., Maldonado, G., Agundis, C., Perez, A., Cooper, E. L. and Zenteno, E., 1997 Participation of a sialic acid-specific lectin from freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii hemocytes in the recognition of non-self cells. J. Exptl. Zool. 279: 265-272.
Kauschke, E., Pagliara, P., Stabili, L., Cooper, E. L. 1997 Characterization of proteolytic activity in coelomic fluid of Lumbricus terrestris L. (Annelida, Lumbricidae). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 116B: 235-242.
Ville, P., Roch, P., Cooper, E. L., Narbonne, J-F. 1997 Immuno-modulatror effects of carbaryl and 2,4D in the earthworm Eisenia fetida andrei. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 32:291-297.
Lange, S., Nüssler, F., Kauschke, E., Lutsch, G., Cooper, E. L., Herrmann, A. 1997 Interaction of earthworm hemolysin with lipid membranes requires sphingolipids. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 20884-20892.
Arizza, V., Cooper, E. L. and Parrinello, N. 1997 Circulating hemocytes and pharyngeal explants of Styela clava release hemagglutinin in vitro. J. Marine Biotechnol. 5:31-35.
Vazquez, L., Perez, A., Millan, D., Agundis, C., Martin, G., Cooper, E. L. Lascurain, R., and Zenteno, E., 1997 Morphology of hemocytes from freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. J. Morphol. 234: 147-153.
Scapigliati, G., Fhausson, F., Cooper, E. L., Scalia, D., Mazzini, M., 1997 Qualitative and quantitative analysis of serum immunoglobulins of four Antarctic fish species. Polar Biol. 18: 209-213.
Roch, P., Ville, P., Cooper, E. L. 1998 Characterization of a 14 kDa plant-related serine protease inhibitor and regulation of cytotoxic activity in earthworm coelomic fluid. Dev. Comp. Immunol., 22: 1-12.
Eue, I, Kauschke, E., Mohrig, W., and Cooper, E. L. 1998 Isolation and characterization of earthworm hemolysins and agglutinins. Dev. Comp. Immunol., 22: 13-25.
Raftos DA, Stillman DL, Cooper EL 1998 Chemotactic responses of tunicate (Urochordata, Ascidiacea) hemocytes in vitro. J Invertebr Pathol 72:44-49.
de Eguileor M, Tettamanti G, Grimaldi A, Boselli A, Scari G, Valvassori R, Cooper EL, Lanzavecchia G 1999 Histopathological changes after induced injury in leeches. J Invertebr Pathol 74:14-28.
Lange S, Kauschke E, Mohrig W, Cooper EL. 1999 Biochemical characteristics of Eiseniapore, a pore-forming protein in the coelomic fluid of earthworms. Eur J Biochem. 262:547-56.
Cikutovic MA, Fitzpatrick LC, Goven AJ, Venables BJ, Giggleman MA, Cooper EL 1999 Wound healing in earthworms Lumbricus terrestris: a cellular-based biomarker for assessing sublethal chemical toxicity. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol . 62:508-514.
de Eguileor M, Grimaldi A, Tettamanti G, Valvassori R, Cooper EL, Lanzavecchia G. 2000 Different types of response to foreign antigens by leech leukocytes. Tissue Cell. 32(1):40-8.
de Eguileor M, Grimaldi A, Tettamanti G, Valvassori R, Cooper EL, Lanzavecchia G. 2000 Lipopolysaccharide-dependent induction of leech leukocytes that cross-react with vertebrate cellular differentiation markers. Tissue Cell. 32(5):437-45.
Kasahara S, Aizawa K, Okamiya M, Kazuno N, Mutoh S, Fugo H, Cooper EL, Wago H. 2001 UVB irradiation suppresses cytokine production and innate cellular immune functions in mice. Cytokine. 21;14(2):104-11.
Kasahara S, Fugo H, Cooper EL, Wago H. 2001 Preliminary evidence of modulating Th1 cytokine after allergen challenge. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 14(2):63-69.
Cabrera PV, Blanco G, Ernst G, Alvarez E, Cooper EL, Hajos S. 2002 Coelomocyte locomotion in the sipunculan Themiste petricola induced by exogenous and endogenous chemoattractants: role of a CD44-like antigen--HA interaction. J Invertebr Pathol. 79(2):111-9.
Kasahara S, Wago H, Cooper EL. 2002 Dissociation of innate and adaptive immunity by UVB irradiation. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 15(1):1-11.
Tettamanti G, Grimaldi A, Ferrarese R, Palazzi M, Perletti G, Valvassori R, Cooper EL, Lanzavecchia G, de Eguileor M. 2003 Leech responses to tissue transplantation. Tissue Cell. 35(3):199-212.
Koenig S, Wagner F, Kauschke E, Peter-Katalinic J, Cooper EL, Eue I. 2003 Mass spectrometric analyses of CL(39), CL(41) and H(1), H(2), H(3) confirm identity with fetidin and lysenin produced by earthworm leukocytes. Dev Comp Immunol. 27(6-7):513-20.
Vojdani A, Pangborn JB, Vojdani E, Cooper EL. 2003 Infections, toxic chemicals and dietary peptides binding to lymphocyte receptors and tissue enzymes are major instigators of autoimmunity in autism. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 16(3):189-99.
Grether GF, Kasahara S, Kolluru GR, Cooper EL. 2004 Sex-specific effects of carotenoid intake on the immunological response to allografts in guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 7;271(1534):45-9.
Vojdani A, Bazargan M, Vojdani E, Samadi J, Nourian AA, Eghbalieh N, Cooper EL. 2004 Heat shock protein and gliadin peptide promote development of peptidase antibodies in children with autism and patients with autoimmune disease. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 11(3):515-24.
Field SG, Kurtz J, Cooper EL, Michiels NK. 2004 Evaluation of an innate immune reaction to parasites in earthworms. J Invertebr Pathol. 86(1-2):45-9.
Engelmann P, Molnar L, Palinkas L, Cooper EL, Nemeth P. 2004 Earthworm leukocyte populations specifically harbor lysosomal enzymes that may respond to bacterial challenge. Cell Tissue Res. 316(3):391-401.
Cooper, E. L. 1990. General Immunology (Japanese Translation) Nishimura Co. Ltd., Japan, 324 pp.
Cooper, E. L. (Ed.) 1990. Comparative Immunology. Bioscience 40: 720-768.
Cooper, E.L. and Nisbet-Brown, E., 1993. Developmental Immunology, Oxford University Press, New York 480 pp.
Vetvicka, V. Sima, P., Cooper, E.L., Bilej, M. Roch, P. 1993. Immunology of Annelids, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 300 pp.
Beck, G., Habicht, G.S., Cooper, E.L., Marchalonis, J.J. (Eds.) 1994. Primordial Immunity, Foundations for the Vertebrate Immune System, New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 376 pp.
Cooper, E. L. 1996 (ed) Invertebrate immune responses: Cells and Molecular Products. In: Adv. Comp. Environ. Physiol. 23: 1-216.
Cooper, E. L.1996 (ed) Invertebrate immune responses: Cells and Molecular Products. In: Adv. Comp. Environ. Physiol. 24: 1-249.
Beck G., Cooper, EL, Sugumaran, M. (Eds) 2000 Phylogenetic Perspectives On The Vertebrate Immune System. Plenum Publishers New York, NY. (In Press).
Cooper, E.L. 1990. New animal models in immunobiology research. In: Defense Molecules, J.J. Marchalonis and C.L. Reinisch (Eds.) Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 255-260.
Cooper, E.L. Phylogenie du systeme immunitaire. 1990. In: Immunologie Animale, Pastoret, P-P, Govaerts, A., Bazin, H. (Eds) Medicine-Sciences, Flammarion, Paris, pp. 181-185.
Cooper, E.L., Grewal, I.S. and Magor, B.G. 1990. Comparative immunology of the integument. In: Skin Immune System (SIS). J.D. Bos (Ed) CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 9-24.
Faisal, M., Perkins, P.S. and Cooper, E.L. 1990. Infestation by the pennellid copepod Phrixocephalus cincinnatus modulates cell mediated immune responses in the Pacific arrowtooth flounder. In: Pathology in Marine Science, T. Cheng and F. O. Perkins, (Eds), Academic Press, pp. 471-478.
Cooper, E.L. and Faisal, M. 1990. Phylogenetic approach to endocrine-immune system interactions. In: Callard, G. V. and Callard, I. P. (eds) Unconventional vertebrates as models in endocrine research. J. Exptl. Zool., Suppl., 4: 46-52.
Fitzpatrick, L.C., Goven, A.J. Venables, B.J., Rodriguez-Grau, J. and Cooper, E.L. 1990. Earthworm immunoassay for evaluating biological effects of exposure to hazardous materials. In: In situ evaluation of Biological Hazards of Environmental Pollutants (Eds. S. Sandh et al) Plenum Press N. Y., 119-129.
Raftos, D.A. and Cooper, E.L. l990. Diseases of Annelids. In: Diseases of Marine Annelids. Vol III. Kinne, O. (Ed.) Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Hamburg, pp. 229-243.
Cooper, E.L. 1992. Overview of immunoevolution. Boll. Zool., 59:119-128.
Cooper, E.L. 1992. Perspectives in neuroimmunomodulation: Lessons from the comparative approach. Anim. Biol. 1:169-180.
Cooper, E.L., Raftos, D.A. and Kelly, K.L. 1992. Immunobiology of tunicates: The search for precursors of the vertebrate immune system. Boll. Zool., 59:175-181.
Cooper, E.L. 1992. Innate immunity. In: Encyclopedia of Immunology, I.M. Roitt and P.J. Delves (Eds.), Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. pp.1387-1389.
Cooper E.L. 1993. Basic concepts and the functional organization of the immune system. In: Developmental Immunology, E.L. Cooper and E. Nisbet-Brown, Oxford University Press, New York pp. 3-30.
Mansour, M.H., and Cooper, E.L. 1993. Early development of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. In: Developmental Immunology, E.L. Cooper and E. Nisbet-Brown, Oxford University Press, New York pp. 85-107.
Cooper E.L., Muller-Sieberg C.E. and Spangrude, G.J. 1993. Stem cells In: Developmental Immunology, E.L. Cooper and E. Nisbet-Brown, Oxford University Press, New York pp. 177-197.
Cooper, E.L. 1993. Comparative Immunology: The value of annelids In: Immunology of Annelids, V. Vetvicka, P. Sima, E.L. Cooper, M. Bilej and P. Roch .CRC Press Boca Raton, pp. 1-12.
Cooper E.L. and Roch P. 1993. Immunological profile of annelids: Transplantation Immunity In: Immunology of Annelids, V. Vetvicka, P. Sima, E.L. Cooper, M. Bilej, and P. Roch, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 201-243.
Cooper, E.L. 1994. Specificity and memory in invertebrates In: Primordial Immunity, G. Beck, G.S. Habicht, E.L. Cooper, J.J. Marchalonis, New York Academy of Sciences, New York pp. 245-259.
Cooper, E.L., Zhang, Z. Raftos, D.A., Habicht, G.S., Beck, G., Connors, V., Cossarizza A., Franceschi C., Ottaviani, E., Scapigliati, G. and Parrinello N. 1994. When did communication in the immune system begin? Int. J. Immunopath. Pharmacol. 3:203-217.
Cooper E.L. 1994. Invertebrates can tell us something about senescence. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 6: 5-23.
Cooper, E.L. and Raftos, D.A., 1995. The significance of cultivating cells and hemopoietic tissue from tunicates. In: Advances in Mucosal Immunology, Vol. 371 A, J. Mestecky, M.W. Russell, S. Jackson, S.M. Michalek, H.Tlaskalova-Hogenova and J. Sterzl (Eds) Plenum Press, New York pp. 321-325.
Cooper, E.L.1995. Immunology: A look toward the sea and what we have learned from tunicates. Aquaculture 132: 1-15.
Cooper, E. L. and Parrinello, 1996 Invertebrates, ectotherms, immunotoxicology: extrapolation to human health. In: Modulators of immune responses: The evolutionary trail. Stolen, J. S., Fletcher, T.C. Bayne, C. J., Secombes, C. J., Zelikoff, J. T., Twerdok, L. E., Anderson, D. P. (eds) SOS Publications, Fair Haven NJ., pp: 331-342.
Roch, P., Ville, P., Cooper, E. L. and Narbonne, J-F. 1996 Differential modulation of earthworm cellular and humoral immune-related functions by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). In: Modulators of immune responses: The evolutionary trail. Stolen, J. S., Fletcher, T.C. Bayne, C. J., Secombes, C. J., Zelikoff, J. T., Twerdok, L. E., Anderson, D. P. (eds) SOS Publications, Fair Haven NJ., pp 515-522.
Cooper, E. L., Suzuki, M. M., Cossarizza, A., and Franceschi, C. 1996 Cytotoxic reactions in invertebrates: the earthworm model. In: New Directions In Invertebrate Immunology. (eds) Söderhäll, K., Iwanaga, S., Vasta, G. R. (eds) SOS Publications, Fair Haven NJ., pp: pp 23-42.
Cooper, E. L. 1996 Earthworm Immunity. In: Invertebrate Immunology Rinkevich, B., and Müller, W. E. G. (eds). Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, pp. 10-45.
Cooper, E. L. 1996 Diversity of Immune Systems. Ital. J. Zool. 63: 295-302.
Cooper, E. L. and Parrinello, N. 1996 Comparative immunologic models can enhance analyses of environmental immunotoxicity. Ann. Rev. Fish Dis. 6: 179-191.
Cooper, E. L. Mansour, M. H. and Negm, H. I. 1996 Marine invertebrate immunodefense response: molecular and cellular approaches in tunicates. Ann. Rev. Fish Dis. 6: 133-149.
Cooper, E. L. 1997 Comparative Immunology of the Integument. In: Skin Immune System J. D. Bos (Ed.) CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 18-39.
Cooper, E. L., Cossarizza, A., Kauschke, E., and Franceschi, C. 1997 Cytotoxicity in earthworms. In: Proc. World Congress on In Vitro Biology. Maramorosch, K., and Loeb, M. (Eds), pp.53-58.
Raftos, D. A., and Cooper, E. L. 1997 Tunicate Immunobiology: Factors that may influence cell proliferation and differentiation. In: Proc. World Congress on In Vitro Biology. Maramorosch, K., and Loeb, M. (Eds), pp11-20.
Cooper, E. L. 1997 Ecotoxicology: Compromising immunodefense of aquatic and terrestrial species. In: Proceedings. Symposium on Ecotoxicology: Responses, Biomarkers and Risk Assessment. SOS Publications, Fairhaven NJ., Zelikoff, J. (Ed.), pp.109-126.
Cooper, E. L., Kauschke, E., Cossarizza, A., Franceschi, C. 1999 Cell adhesion and the immune system: A case study using earthworms. Microscopy Res Tech. 44:237-253.
Cooper, EL and Bosch, T. C. G. 2000 Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny: Comparative immunology in Germany. Exp. Clin. Immunogenetics. 17: 77-8.
Cooper, E.L. 1999. Immune Response: Phylogeny. In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (Article 519) Macmillan Reference Limited, Grove’s Dictionaries Inc. (In press)
Cooper E. L. 2000 Annelid Humoral Immunity: Cell Lysis In Earthworms in: Beck, G., Cooper, E. L. Sugumaran, M. (Eds) Phylogenetic perspectives on the Vertebrate Immune System. Plenum Publishing Co. New York, N. Y (in press)
Kauschke, E., Eue, I., Lange, S., Mohrig, W., Cooper, E. L. 2000 Immune Proteins in Earthworms. Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry. (in press)
Cikutovic MA, Fitzpatrick LC, Goven AJ, Venables BJ, Giggleman MA, Cooper EL. Wound healing in earthworms Lumbricus terrestris: a cellular-based biomarker for assessing sublethal chemical toxicity. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1999 Apr;62(4):508-14. No abstract available.
Cooper EL, Cossarizza A, Kauschke E, Franceschi C. Cell adhesion and the immune system: a case study using earthworms. Microsc Res Tech. 1999 Feb 15;44(4):237-53. Review.
Cooper EL, Bosch TC. Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny: comparative immunology in Germany. Exp Clin Immunogenet. 2000;17(2):77-82.
Cooper EL, Kauschke E, Cossarizza A. Annelid humoral immunity: cell lysis in earthworms. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2001;484:169-83. Review. No abstract available.
Cooper EL, Kauschke E, Cossarizza A. Digging for innate immunity since Darwin and Metchnikoff. Bioessays. 2002 Apr;24(4):319-33. Review. Erratum in: Bioessays 2002 Jun;24(6):575.
Wild TC, Roberts AB, Cooper EL. Compulsory substance abuse treatment: an overview of recent findings and issues. Eur Addict Res. 2002 Apr;8(2):84-93. Review.
Cooper EL. Comparative immunology. Curr Pharm Des. 2003;9(2):119-31. Review.
de Eguileor M, Tettamanti G, Grimaldi A, Congiu T, Ferrarese R, Perletti G, Valvassori R, Cooper EL, Lanzavecchia G. Leeches: immune response, angiogenesis and biomedical applications. Curr Pharm Des. 2003;9(2):133-47. Review.
Cooper EL. Neuroimmunology of autism: a multifaceted hypothesis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2003 Sep-Dec;16(3):289-92. No abstract available.
Cooper EL. Complementary and Alternative Medicine, When Rigorous, can be Science. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2004 Jun 1;1(1):1-4. No abstract available.
Cooper EL. Commentary on CAM and NK Cells by Kazuyoshi Takeda and Ko Okumura. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2004 Jun 1;1(1):29-34. No abstract available.
Recent Awards
Alexander von Humboldt Prize, Federal Republic of Germany NATO Advanced Research Workshop: "Antimicrobial Paptides in Earthworms"
Office : CHS-63-230
Lab : CHS-63-234
[MAIN Menu ][Faculty Index ]